Volume 11: Santa Barbara Channel Analytical Zone

The Contact-Period Native California Community Distribution Model

July 2010 DRAFT

By:

John Johnson,Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Randall Milliken,Consulting in the Past

With:

Patricia Mikkelsen,Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc.
Paul Brandy,Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc.
Jerome King,Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc.

Submitted to:
California Department of Transportation, District 6, 2015 East Shields Ave, Fresno, CA 93726

---

It may be anticipated that future scholars, undaunted by the huge mass of available published and manuscript data on California Indians, will work over the information on a tribe-by-tribe basis and prepare maps showing the domains of the identifiable or inferable tribelets. -R. F. Heizer 1966

Abstract

The in-progress Contact-Period Native California Community Distribution Model (CDM) brings together decades of research and mission record analysis into selected volumes that will eventually be part of a 15 volume print/wiki encyclopedia portraying the socio-political landscape of native California after first contact with the Spanish, between 1770 and 1830.

Volume 1 of the series presents an overview of the CDM model, explaining the process of ethnographic data analysis and regional mapping unit construction across all portions of California. Volumes 2-15 will eventually represent contextual overviews of each of the 14 analytical zones identified within California. Each zone has a group of independent, landholding regions (totaling 663) defined by mutual history, shared languages, and similar land-use patterns. An introduction to each volume will focus on multi-regional issues (overview of history, ethnography, and research techniques) followed by individual regional monographs (some complete, some unfinished) covering languages, environment, and early expedition, mission, historic, and ethnographic sources, as applicable. A comprehensive bibliography will conclude each volume.

Volume 11, entitled Santa Barbara Channel Analytical Zone, covers the preponderance of the Chumash language family area. This core Chumash zone contains 68 regions including portions of Kern, Los Angeles, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura counties. Currently, the volume contains an attenuated introduction, three complete monographs, and a list of references applicable to the entire zone. (The Northern Chumash language area, north of the Santa Maria River in San Luis Obispo County, is documented in Volume 10.)

The CDM is also presented in a collaborative Wiki website (currently accessible through farwestern.com) which consists of several major elements—ACCESS data tables, GIS maps, and narrative text. In this format, the ethnographic data are available to scholars from academia, tribal communities, and agencies that can locate and organize data effectively, add new information as it becomes available, and generate feature articles that can include maps, pictures, or cross-references.

This series has been produced by Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., with support from a number of district environmental branches within the California Department of Transportation.

Table 1. Volume, Analytical Zone, and Languages Spoken.

VOLUME Number	ANALYTICAL ZONE	LANGUAGE	NUMBER OF REGIONS
2	Northwest	Wiyot/Yurok Athabascan Karok Takelman	37
3	North	Shastan, Chimariko Wintu and Nomlaki Yana	48
4	Northeast	Modoc Mountain Maidu Numic Pit River Washoe	28
5	North Coast Ranges	Lake Miwok Pomo Wappo Yuki	59
6	Middle Sacramento Valley	Northwest Maidu and Nisenan Maidu Patwin Wintuan Bay Miwok, Coast Miwok Northern Ohlone	66
7	Bay Area	Patwin Wintuan Bay Miwok, Coast Miwok Northern Ohlone	56
8	Delta-North San Joaquin	Plains Miwok and Sierra Miwok Delta Yokuts	54
9	South San Joaquin	Mono Numic Tubatulabal Yokuts	56
10	South Coast Ranges	Northern Chumash Esselen Ohlone Salinan	56
11	Santa Barbara Channel	Chumash	68
12	Los Angeles Vicinity	Takic	58
13	Southeast	Numic Takic	45
14	South	Yuman	20
15	Colorado River	Yuman	13
Total			663

Introduction: Santa Barbara Channel Analytical Zone

Central and Island Chumash Language Areas
By Randall Milliken

The Santa Barbara Channel analytical zone includes its namesake Santa Barbara Channel vicinity and adjacent inland areas of Santa Barbara and Ventura counties. The zone is drawn to include regions where the many Chumash dialects of the Central and Island Chumash languages were spoken. This zone excludes the area to the north, where the divergent Northern Chumash language was spoken, because difficult mapping problems have emerged regarding Northern Chumash at Mission San Luis Obispo that are inextricably related to the regions near Mission San Miguel still farther north (Figure 1).

Regional ethnogeography is quite well-documented for the greater part of the Santa Barbara Channel zone, even though most people were completely removed to the Franciscan missions. Not only are the mission register data excellent for indirect reconstruction of rancheria locations, but we are aided in this area by the tremendous ethnogeographic knowledge of mission descendants. Most of the saved knowledge was recorded by J. P. Harrington, but an especially important list of village locations was provided to Henry Henshaw in 1884 by Ventureño consultant Juan Estevan Pico (Johnson 1988; McLendon and Johnson 1999).

The best current overview for the Santa Barbara Channel zone is Cultural Affiliation and Lineal Descent of Chumash Peoples in the Channel Islands and the Santa Monica Mountains by Sally McLendon and John Johnson (2006). The findings in that study could inform the development of this CDM zone monograph. As it is, this monograph has not been built. It does conclude with a comprehensive bibliography of South Coast Range ethnogeographic materials.

Linguistic Groups

To Be Developed

Western Disruption

To Be Developed

Field Ethnographers

To Be Developed

Types Of Landholding Groups

To Be Developed

Mapping Approaches And Constraints

To Be Developed

Regions

• San Emigdio Creek
• Santiago Creek
• Grapevine Creek

Bibliography

Applegate, R. N.

1975

An Index of Chumash Placenames. San Luis Obispo Archaeological Society Occasional Paper 9:21-46.

Beeler, M. S., and K. A. Klar

1977

Interior Chumash. The Journal of California Anthropology 4:287-305.

Bernard, Julienne

2008

Chapter 3: The Culture, History, and Archaeology of Interior and Emigdiano Chumash People. In An Archaeological Study of Resistance, Persistence, and Culture Change in the San Emigdio Canyon, Kern County, California. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

Blake, W. P.

1856

Geological Report. In Reports of Explorations and Surveys… for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Vol 5, Part 2. Washington, Beverly Tucker, Printer.

Brewer, William H.

1966

Up and Down California in 1860-1864. University of California Press.

Brown, A. K.

1967

The Aboriginal Population of the Santa Barbara Channel. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports 69:1-99. Berkeley.

Cook, Sherburne F.

	1955	The Aboriginal Population of the San Joaquin Valley, California. University of California Anthropological Records 16, University of California Press, Berkeley. [Reprint available through Coyote Press, Salinas, California.]
	1960	Colonial expeditions to the interior of California, 1800-1820. University of California Anthropological Records 16.6. University of California Press, Berkeley. . [Reprint available through Coyote Press, Salinas, California.]
	1962	Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1820-1840. University of California Anthropological Records 20(5):151-214. Berkeley.

Cutter, Donald

1995

Writings of Mariano Payeras. Translated and Edited by Donald Cutter. Bellerophon Books: Santa Barbara, California.

De la Guerra 1878 in Beebe and Senkewicz 2006

Giffen, H. S., and A. Woodward

1942

The Story of El Tejon. Dawson’s Bookshop, Los Angeles.

Gifford, Edward W., and W. Egbert Schenck

1926

Archaeology of the Southern San Joaquin Valley. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 23(1):1-122. Berkeley.

Gray, Barbara B.

1957

The Story of San Emigdio Rancho, Historic Kern County. Quarterly Bulletin of the Kern County Historical Society 8:1-2.

Harrington, John Peabody

	1985	Salinan. The Papers of John Peabody Harrington in the Smithsonian Institution, volume 2, Northern and Central California, reels 84-88, edited by Elaine L. Mills. Kraus International Publications microfilm edition of papers on file at the National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
	1986	John P. Harrington Papers, Vol. 3: Southern California. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives. [Microfilm edition. Millwood, NY: Kraus International Publications.]

Heizer, R. F.

1972

The Eighteen Unratified Treaties of 1851-1852 between the California Indians and the United States Government. University of California Archaeological Facility, Berkeley.

Hoover, Mildred Brooke, Hero Eugene Rensch, Ethel Grace Rensch, and William Abeloe

1966

Historic Spots in California. 3rd ed. Stanford University Press, Stanford.

Horne, Stephen P.

	1981	The Inland Chumash: Ethnography, Ethnohistory, and Archaeology. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara.
	1982	Final Report: Onshore Cultural Resources Assessment, Santa Ynez Unit Development, Offshore Santa Barbara County. Dames & Moore, Inc., Santa Barbara, California.

Johnson, John

	1984	Indian History in the Santa Barbara Back Country. Los Padres Interpretive Association, Los Padres Notes, Volume
	2007	Ethnohistoric Descriptions of Chumash Warfare. North American Indigenous Warfare and Religious Violence, edited by Richard J. Chacon and Ruben G. Mendoza,  pp 74-113. Tucson, University of Arizona Press.

King, Chester A.

1975

The Names and Locations of Historic Chumash Villages. The Journal of California Anthropology 2:171-179.

Kroeber, Alfred L.

	1925	Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 78. Washington.
	1963	Yokuts dialect survey. University of California Anthropological Records 11(3).

Latta, Frank F.

	1933	El Camino Viejo.
	1939	Alexis Godey in California. Kern County Historical Society Fifth Annual Publication, pp. 23-52. Kern County Historical Society, Bakersfield.

McLendon, Sally, and John R. Johnson

1999

Cultural Affiliation and Lineal Descent of Chumash Peoples in the Channel Islands and the Santa Monica Mountains: Volumes I and II. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, and Hunter College, City University of New York. Submitted to the Archeology and Ethnography Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC.

Merriam, C. Hart

1898-1938 The California Journals of C. Hart Merriam. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

1967

Ethnographic Notes on Central California Indian Tribes. Robert F. Heizer, editor. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports, No. 68(3). Berkeley.

Outland, Charles F.

1969

Mines, Murders and Grizzlies: Tales of California’s Ventura Back Country. Ventura Co. Historical Society. (Reprint in 1986 by Ventura Historical Society and the Arthur H. Clark Co.)

Phillips, George Harwood

	1993	Indians and Intruders in Central California, 1769-1849. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma.
	2004	Bringing Them Under Subjection: California’s Tejón Indian Reservation and Beyond, 1852-1864

Robinson, David W.

2006

Landscape, Taskscape, and Indigenous Perception: The Rock-Art of South-Central California. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.

Simpson, L. B. (editor and translator)

1961

Journal of José Longinos Martinez 1791-1792. John Howell Books, San Francisco.