VOLUME 10
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Contents
Volume 10: South Coast Ranges Analytic Zone
July 2010 DRAFT
By:
Randall Milliken,Consulting in the Past
With:
John Johnson,Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Patricia Mikkelsen,Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc.
Paul Brandy,Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc.
Jerome King,Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc.
Submitted to:
California Department of Transportation, District 6, 2015 East Shields Ave, Fresno, CA 93726
It may be anticipated that future scholars, undaunted by the huge mass of available published and manuscript data on California Indians, will work over the information on a tribe-by-tribe basis and prepare maps showing the domains of the identifiable or inferable tribelets. -R. F. Heizer 1966
Abstract
The in-progress Contact-Period Native California Community Distribution Model (CDM) brings together decades of research and mission record analysis into selected volumes that will eventually be part of a 15 volume print/wiki encyclopedia portraying the socio-political landscape of native California after first contact with the Spanish, between 1770 and 1830.
Volume 1 of the series presents an overview of the CDM model, explaining the process of ethnographic data analysis and regional mapping unit construction across all portions of California. Volumes 2-15 will eventually represent contextual overviews of each of the 14 analytical zones identified within California. Each zone has a group of independent, landholding regions (totaling 663) defined by mutual history, shared languages, and similar land-use patterns. An introduction to each volume will focus on multi-regional issues (overview of history, ethnography, and research techniques) followed by individual regional monographs (some complete, some unfinished) covering languages, environment, and early expedition, mission, historic, and ethnographic sources, as applicable. A comprehensive bibliography will conclude each volume.
Volume 10, entitled South Coast Ranges Analytical Zone, covers the Northern Chumash, Esselen, Ohlone, and Salinan language family areas. The zone contains 56 regions including portions of Fresno, Kern, Kings, Merced, Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz counties. Currently, the volume is in a state of partial development. It contains an attenuated introduction, eleven monographs in various stages of development, and a list of references applicable to the zone as a whole.
The CDM is also presented in a collaborative Wiki website (currently accessible through farwestern.com) which consists of several major elements—ACCESS data tables, GIS maps, and narrative text. In this format, the ethnographic data are available to scholars from academia, tribal communities, and agencies that can locate and organize data effectively, add new information as it becomes available, and generate feature articles that can include maps, pictures, or cross-references.
This series has been produced by Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., with support from a number of district environmental branches within the California Department of Transportation.
| VOLUME Number |
ANALYTICAL ZONE | LANGUAGE | NUMBER OF REGIONS |
| 2 | Northwest | Wiyot/Yurok Athabascan Karok Takelman |
37 |
| 3 | North | Shastan, Chimariko Wintu and Nomlaki Yana |
48 |
| 4 | Northeast | Modoc Mountain Maidu Numic Pit River Washoe |
28 |
| 5 | North Coast Ranges | Lake Miwok Pomo Wappo Yuki |
59 |
| 6 | Middle Sacramento Valley | Northwest Maidu and Nisenan Maidu Patwin Wintuan Bay Miwok, Coast Miwok Northern Ohlone |
66 |
| 7 | Bay Area | Patwin Wintuan Bay Miwok, Coast Miwok Northern Ohlone |
56 |
| 8 | Delta-North San Joaquin | Plains Miwok and Sierra Miwok Delta Yokuts |
54 |
| 9] | South San Joaquin | Mono Numic Tubatulabal Yokuts |
56 |
| 10 | South Coast Ranges | Northern Chumash Esselen Ohlone Salinan |
56 |
| 11 | Santa Barbara Channel | Chumash |
68 |
| 12 | Los Angeles Vicinity | Takic | 58 |
| 13 | Southeast | Numic Takic |
45 |
| 14 | South | Yuman | 20 |
| 15 | Colorado River | Yuman | 13 |
| Total | 663 | ||
Introduction: South Coast Ranges Zone Ethnogeography
Southern Ohlone, Esselen, Salinan, and Northern Chumash
By Randall Milliken
The South Coast Ranges analytical zone stretches along the California coast from Monterey Bay to San Luis Obispo Bay. It includes all inland valleys of the Coast Range eastward to the edge of the San Joaquin Valley. The languages of the core area of the South Coast Ranges were Salinan and Esselen. Northern Chumash was spoken at the south end of the zone around San Luis Obispo and Morro bays, while a cluster of related Ohlone-Costanoan languages were spoken at its north end, on Monterey Bay and to its east. The people of this entire area were removed to Franciscan missions between 1771 and 1810, four generations before the arrival of C. Hart Merriam, A. L. Kroeber, and J. P. Harrington.
The ethnogeography of the South Coast Ranges zone is more poorly-documented than that of all but one of the other 13 CDM zones; the exception is the largely-undocumented Colorado River zone. In a way the zone does form a distinct ethnographic area. It lies to the south of the fairly dense array of tribelet groups around San Francisco Bay and to the north of the highly-populated core Chumash area of the Santa Barbara Channel. With fairly light, but variable, population densities in the one-to-three people per square mile range, political organization varied from a few tribelets around Monterey Bay, to loose communities in most areas, to some inland dry areas with small mobile bands identified under cover terms such as Chalon and Cholam.
We are almost totally reliant upon the clues imbedded in the Franciscan mission registers to systematically reconstruct the ethnogeography of the South Coast Ranges. A number of studies since 1980 have begun that effort. The best current overview for the zone is Ethnogeography of the South Coast Ranges, with Special Attention to Priest Valley, Monterey County (Milliken 2006a). The findings in that study could inform the development of this CDM zone monograph. As it is, this monograph has not been built. It does, however, conclude with a comprehensive bibliography of South Coast Range ethnogeographic materials.
Linguistic Groups
Ohlone-Costanoan: Awaswas, Mutsun, Rumsen, and Chalon languages
Western Disruption
Finished by 1810
Field Ethnography
Merriam and Harrington each gathered the names of villages and the languages of small family groups, albeit unsystematically.
Types of Landholding Groups
Tribelets: Rumsen of Carmel River, Calendaruc of Monterey Bay, Ensen of lower Salinas Valley, Mutsun of San Juan Bautista.
Loose Communities: numerous Esselen groups, Santa Cruz Mountains Awaswas-speaking groups, Salinan areas west of the Salinas River.
Independent Hamlets: mobile bands of the interior Coast Ranges, for instance Chalon of upper San Benito River and Cholam of areas east of San Miguel. Also numerous small semi-sedentary villages around Morro and San Luis Obispo bays.
Mapping Approaches and Constraints
Regions
- Little Panoche
- Cantua Creek
- San Benito Mountain
- Coalinga
- McKittrick
- Palo Prieto
- Priest Valley
- Wartham Creek
- Kettleman Plain
- Pyramid Hills
- Silver Creek
Bibliography
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