VOLUME 8
From Far Western Ethno Wiki
Contents
Volume 8: Delta-North San Joaquin Analytical Zone
July 2010 DRAFT
By:
Randall Milliken,Consulting in the Past
With:
Patricia Mikkelsen,Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc.
Paul Brandy,Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc.
Jerome King,Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc.
Submitted to:
California Department of Transportation, District 6, 2015 East Shields Ave, Fresno, CA 93726
It may be anticipated that future scholars, undaunted by the huge mass of available published and manuscript data on California Indians, will work over the information on a tribe-by-tribe basis and prepare maps showing the domains of the identifiable or inferable tribelets. -R. F. Heizer 1966
Abstract
The in-progress Contact-Period Native California Community Distribution Model (CDM) brings together decades of research and mission record analysis into selected volumes that will eventually be part of a 15 volume print/wiki encyclopedia portraying the socio-political landscape of native California after first contact with the Spanish, between 1770 and 1830.
Volume 1 of the series presents an overview of the CDM model, explaining the process of ethnographic data analysis and regional mapping unit construction across all portions of California. Volumes 2-15 will eventually represent contextual overviews of each of the 14 analytical zones identified within California. Each zone has a group of independent, landholding regions (totaling 663) defined by mutual history, shared languages, and similar land-use patterns. An introduction to each volume will focus on multi-regional issues (overview of history, ethnography, and research techniques) followed by individual regional monographs (some complete, some unfinished) covering languages, environment, and early expedition, mission, historic, and ethnographic sources, as applicable. A comprehensive bibliography will conclude each volume.
Volume 8, entitled Delta/North San Joaquin Analytical Zone, covers the Plains Miwok and Sierra Miwok Delta Yokuts language family areas. The zone contains 54 regions covering portions of Alameda, Alpine, Amador, Calaveras, Contra Costa, El Dorado, Madera, Mariposa, Merced, Mono, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Solano, Stanislaus, Tuolumne, and Yolo counties. Currently, the volume is only in initial stages of development, containing a partially complete introduction, a monograph on the Nipinnawassee Region, and a list of references applicable to the zone as a whole.
The CDM is also presented in a collaborative Wiki website (currently accessible through farwestern.com) which consists of several major elements—ACCESS data tables, GIS maps, and narrative text. In this format, the ethnographic data are available to scholars from academia, tribal communities, and agencies that can locate and organize data effectively, add new information as it becomes available, and generate feature articles that can include maps, pictures, or cross-references.
This series has been produced by Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., with support from a number of district environmental branches within the California Department of Transportation
| VOLUME Number |
ANALYTICAL ZONE | LANGUAGE | NUMBER OF REGIONS |
| 2 | Northwest | Wiyot/Yurok Athabascan Karok Takelman |
37 |
| 3 | North | Shastan, Chimariko Wintu and Nomlaki Yana |
48 |
| 4 | Northeast | Modoc Mountain Maidu Numic Pit River Washoe |
28 |
| 5 | North Coast Ranges | Lake Miwok Pomo Wappo Yuki |
59 |
| 6 | Middle Sacramento Valley | Northwest Maidu and Nisenan Maidu Patwin Wintuan Bay Miwok, Coast Miwok Northern Ohlone |
66 |
| 7 | Bay Area | Patwin Wintuan Bay Miwok, Coast Miwok Northern Ohlone |
56 |
| 8 | Delta-North San Joaquin | Plains Miwok and Sierra Miwok Delta Yokuts |
54 |
| 9 | South San Joaquin | Mono Numic Tubatulabal Yokuts |
56 |
| 10 | South Coast Ranges | Northern Chumash Esselen Ohlone Salinan |
56 |
| 11 | Santa Barbara Channel | Chumash |
68 |
| 12 | Los Angeles Vicinity | Takic | 58 |
| 13 | Southeast | Numic Takic |
45 |
| 14 | South | Yuman | 20 |
| 15 | Colorado River | Yuman | 13 |
| Total | 663 | ||
Introduction: Delta/North San Joaquin Zone Ethnography
Delta Yokuts, Plains Miwok, Sierra Miwok
By Randall Milliken
Ethnographic socio-political organization for the flat valley lands of the zone fit the tribelet model of multi-family regional groups under a single political leader with multiple sedentary villages in a marked territory. In the Sierra foothills, however, evidence regarding socio-political organization is contradictory. After the great population reduction of the Gold Rush, people moved about frequently among numerous small hamlets, but owed their allegiance to a particular patrilineal "nena," the Miwok term for paternal family’s original home area. Pre-invasion tribelet organization is suggested, however, by the small number of groups that signed the 1851 treaties, and by Merriam’s documentation of "royal families" and capital villages.
Reconstruction of the western portion of the Delta/North San Joaquin zone ethnogeography relies upon the indirect clues imbedded in the Franciscan mission registers, together with evidence from Spanish- and Mexican-period expedition diaries. For the eastern regions, however, no good information is available for demarcating regional areas (even if tribelets or loose regional communities did exist). Therefore the Sierran CDM regions are arbitrarily constructed to mimic regional sizes in better-documented areas of central California.
Linguistic Groups
Delta Yokuts Language
People of the Delta, south of the Mokelumne River and all of the remaining flat valley area within the Delta/North San Joaquin region, spoke dialects of the Delta Yokuts language. Delta Yokuts (until the 1990s known as Far Northern Valley Yokuts) was the northernmost of many languages within the Yokutsan language family. From the Merced River south, other Yokutsan languages were spoken down the San Joaquin Valley to Buena Vista Lake at the foot of the Transverse Ranges. The eastern Yokutsan boundary, bordering the Sierra Miwok, was generally along the break between the plains and the Sierra Nevada foothills, approximately the eastern county lines of Merced County, Stanislaus County, and the southern portion of Merced County. On the west, the boundary between Yokutsan and Ohlone-Costanoan speakers was along the edge of the Coast Range foothills.
On the basis of comparative historical phonology and morphology, Whistler and Golla (1986) portray a complex division of ever-more-recent splits and expansions in Yokuts languages from south to north. The most divergent Yokuts language was on Poso Creek in the hills east of Bakersfield, according to the new research. Next most divergent was the Buena Vista Lake language. All other Yokuts languages form the closely related Nim-subgroup. Nim-Yokuts is split into Tule-Kaweah (of the southern Sierran foothills) and Northern Yokuts. Northern Yokuts is represented by the Delta, Northern Valley, Southern Valley, and Kings River Yokuts languages. Mithun (1999:567-568) provides an overview of recent linguistic insights regarding Yokutsan, as well as a bibliography of relevant linguistic studies.
Miwokan Languages
Miwokan includes seven languages that together form one branch of the Utian language family; Ohlone-Costanoan forms the other branch (Mithun 1999:535-538). Plains Miwok was the language of villages in the northern portion of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, including both sides of the Sacramento River downstream from Sacramento to the present-day Rio Vista vicinity, the Cosumnes River below the Sierra foothills, the Mokelumne River below the Sierra foothills, and the Calaveras River from Belota to the foothills. The three closely related Sierran Miwok languages were spoken in a chain of dialects down the Sierra: Northern in Amador and Calaveras counties, Central in Tuolumne County, and Southern in Mariposa County and a tiny portion of Madera County. Dialects intermediate between Plains Miwok and Sierra Miwok may have been spoken in the present-day Farmington and Knights Ferry areas of eastern San Joaquin County, but that cannot be substantiated due to the lack of locality-specific records.
Portions of the ethnographic Plains Miwok area have been incorrectly attributed to Yokuts-speakers by some scholars in the late twentieth century. Frank Latta, who had excellent information regarding the Yokuts of the southern San Joaquin Valley, mistakenly presumed that the native people of the Galt and Lodi areas had been Yokuts speakers because their local tribal names ended with "-mne" (Latta 1977:87). However, the "-mne" ending was used by Plains Miwok and Yokuts language groups. On the other hand, C. Hart Merriam (1907) mistakenly represented a large swath of Delta Yokuts lands in the Stockton and Tracy areas of the south Delta as areas where "Mewko" Miwok had been spoken (cf. Barrett 1908; Bennyhoff 1977).
Plains Miwok and Yokuts tribelet language affiliations have been differentiated by study of the patterns of personal name endings recorded in the Franciscan mission records (Bennyhoff 1977:37; Milliken 1982). The analysis generally supports Samuel Barrett’s (1908:349) placement of the Miwok-Yokuts language boundary in eastern Merced, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin counties, as far north as the Calaveras River, but slightly modifies that boundary on the north side of the Calaveras River north of Stockton. Bennyhoff (1977:165), who pioneered personal name analysis, did not apply it accurately to the Chilamnes of the Calaveras River at Bellota. He identified their language as Yokuts; Chilamne personal names were definitely Miwok.
Western Disruption
To be developed. For now, see Eidsness and Milliken (2004).
Field Ethnography
To be developed
Types Of Landholding Groups
To be developed.
Mapping Approaches And Constraints
To be developed.
Regions
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